A family of mammalian Na+-dependent L-ascorbic acid transporters.

Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is essential for many enzymatic reactions, in which it serves to maintain prosthetic metal ions in their reduced forms (for example, Fe2+, Cu+), and for scavenging free radicals in order to protect tissues from oxidative damage. The facilitative sugar transporters of the GLUT type can transport the oxidized form of the vitamin, dehydroascorbic acid, but these transporters are unlikely to allow significant physiological amounts of vitamin C to be taken up in the presence of normal glucose concentrations, because the vitamin is present in plasma essentially only in its reduced form. Here we describe the isolation of two L-ascorbic acid transporters, SVCT1 and SVCT2, from rat complementary DNA libraries, as the first step in investigating the importance of L-ascorbic acid transport in regulating the supply and metabolism of vitamin C. We find that SVCT1 and SVCT2 each mediate concentrative, high-affinity L-ascorbic acid transport that is stereospecific and is driven by the Na+ electrochemical gradient. Despite their close sequence homology and similar functions, the two isoforms of the transporter are discretely distributed: SVCT1 is mainly confined to epithelial systems (intestine, kidney, liver), whereas SVCT2 serves a host of metabolically active cells and specialized tissues in the brain, eye and other organs.     

基于拉格朗日系统中约束力思想的编队卫星构形非线性控制方法

借鉴经典动力学中约束力的思想，提出了一种编队卫星构形精确保持的非线性控制方法．该方法首先将非线性和摄动条件下编队卫星构形保持问题转换为带有完整约束的拉格朗日动力学系统，然后将问题转换为一组微分代数方程，通过求解微分代数方程，确定编队卫星构形保持的非线性控制律．由于借鉴了约束力的思想，该方法自然地利用了编队卫星动力学系统的力学特性，具有节省能量和高精度的特点．通过对线性和非线性条件下空间圆编队卫星构形保持问题的仿真，验证了提出的非线性控制方法的这些特性．     

On-chip natural assembly of silicon photonic bandgap crystals.

Photonic bandgap crystals can reflect light for any direction of propagation in specific wavelength ranges. This property, which can be used to confine, manipulate and guide photons, should allow the creation of all-optical integrated circuits. To achieve this goal, conventional semiconductor nanofabrication techniques have been adapted to make photonic crystals. A potentially simpler and cheaper approach for creating three-dimensional periodic structures is the natural assembly of colloidal microspheres. However, this approach yields irregular, polycrystalline photonic crystals that are difficult to incorporate into a device. More importantly, it leads to many structural defects that can destroy the photonic bandgap. Here we show that by assembling a thin layer of colloidal spheres on a silicon substrate, we can obtain planar, single-crystalline silicon photonic crystals that have defect densities sufficiently low that the bandgap survives. As expected from theory, we observe unity reflectance in two crystalline directions of our photonic crystals around a wavelength of 1.3 micrometres. We also show that additional fabrication steps, intentional doping and patterning, can be performed, so demonstrating the potential for specific device applications.     

Programmable and autonomous computing machine made of biomolecules.

Devices that convert information from one form into another according to a definite procedure are known as automata. One such hypothetical device is the universal Turing machine, which stimulated work leading to the development of modern computers. The Turing machine and its special cases, including finite automata, operate by scanning a data tape, whose striking analogy to information-encoding biopolymers inspired several designs for molecular DNA computers. Laboratory-scale computing using DNA and human-assisted protocols has been demonstrated, but the realization of computing devices operating autonomously on the molecular scale remains rare. Here we describe a programmable finite automaton comprising DNA and DNA-manipulating enzymes that solves computational problems autonomously. The automaton's hardware consists of a restriction nuclease and ligase, the software and input are encoded by double-stranded DNA, and programming amounts to choosing appropriate software molecules. Upon mixing solutions containing these components, the automaton processes the input molecule via a cascade of restriction, hybridization and ligation cycles, producing a detectable output molecule that encodes the automaton's final state, and thus the computational result. In our implementation 1012 automata sharing the same software run independently and in parallel on inputs (which could, in principle, be distinct) in 120 microl solution at room temperature at a combined rate of 109 transitions per second with a transition fidelity greater than 99.8%, consuming less than 10-10 W.     

A hierarchical multiple criteria model for eliciting relative preferences in conflict situations

A multiple criteria decision analysis(MCDA) approach is designed for capturing the relative preference information of a decision maker involved in a conflict.More specifically,an MCDA approach based on the outranking method,ELECTRE III,is employed for ranking states or possible scenarios in the conflict from most to least preferred,where ties are allowed,for a decision maker according to his or her value system.To demonstrate how this preference elicitation methodology can be conveniently implemented in practice within the framework of the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution,it is applied to a real world water supply crisis which occurred in the town of North Battleford,located in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.     

从关联性记忆错觉的毕生发展看记忆的适应性特质

记忆重构的过程会导致歪曲或错误.关联性记忆错觉是一种最常见的错误记忆,体现了个体在认知资源有限时对语义梗概信息的适应性利用,这是记忆具有适应性特质的一种体现.另一方面,记忆的适应性还体现为在特定的情景需求下,个体能够通过一定的策略(如充分加工项目特异性信息)抑制关联性记忆错觉的发生,以保持精确记忆.本文从利用梗概表征和抑制关联性记忆错觉两种能力的毕生发展透视了记忆的适应性特质的年龄特征.将来可从记忆演化的角度获得更多关于记忆适应性的证据.     

黄土高原东南部宋家店黄土剖面L9中地磁记录异常

对黄土高原东南部三门峡地区宋家店黄土剖面L8～S12段详细的磁性地层学和岩石磁学研究表明:Matuyama/Brunhes(M/B)界线位于L8黄土层的底部,Jaramillo极性亚时的顶、底界线分别位于L10的中部和L12的底部.黄土和古土壤地层的磁组构保持了原生沉积组构的特点,所记录的剩磁没有遭受到明显的后期扰动.在L9黄土层中记录了2次地磁场异常,认为由重磁化的可能性较小,而磁极性漂移事件的解释更为合理.推算它们的年龄分别与Kamikatsura(0.886Ma)和Santa Rosa(0.922Ma)地磁漂移事件接近,相对古强度研究结果显示,上述地磁漂移事件期间地球磁场强度减弱.     

CXCR7对HeLa细胞增殖、粘附和侵袭能力的影响

基质细胞衍生因子-1(SDF-1)在肿瘤侵袭、转移过程中起着重要的调控作用.此前认为SDF-1是通过其唯一受体CXCR4来起作用.近年来发现SDF-1还有另一作用受体——CXCR7,SDF-1/CXCR7在部分肿瘤侵袭转移过程中起重要作用,但其在宫颈癌HeLa细胞中的作用目前尚未明确.通过Western blotting检测HeLa细胞中CXCR4和CXCR7的表达,阻断CXCR4或CXCR7后,通过MTT法评价细胞增殖能力,细胞粘附实验评价细胞粘附能力,Transwell实验评价细胞侵袭能力.结果表明,CXCR4和CXCR7在HeLa细胞中表达.阻断CXCR4或CXCR7后,SDF-1诱导的HeLa细胞增殖、侵袭和与内皮细胞的粘附能力均被阻断.结果提示CXCR7在SDF-1诱导HeLa细胞增殖、侵袭和与内皮细胞的粘附过程中起着重要作用,将有望成为治疗宫颈癌转移的新靶点.     

利用频域连续性检测非合作突发通信信号

针对在非合作突发通信信号检测中,已有的各种检测方法均未能充分利用信号的频域连续性的问题,提出了一种新的检测方法,利用信号的频域连续性,在频率和带宽二维进行频域能量累积,搜索最大值并检测.理论分析和仿真均验证了此方法优于Power-Law方法 2 dB以上.     

基于核因子分析的捷联惯组稳定性评估技术

当前捷联惯组的稳定性评价方法单一,严重影响了使用单位对捷联惯组的使用效率。针对捷联惯组各个误差系数两次测试之差线性相关性较弱的特点,本文应用统计学习理论中的核化原理将因子分析这一线性特征提取算法推广至非线性特征提取算法,并改进了传统的因子综合评价方法,将其用于捷联惯组的稳定性评估。数值实验结果证明了本文提出的核因子分析方法的有效性。